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Code Details

Brain simulations are carried out using Finite Element Modeling Technology (FEMTech),a parallel,explicit dynamic,open-source finite element modeling code.

Version 1.0 Major Features:

  • Parallel (MPI)
  • Explicit Dynamic
  • Nonlinear materials (detailed below)
  • Reduced Integration
  • Hourglass control
  • Coordinate system transformations (enables sensor data to be located any where)
  • Open source all hexahedral meshes including both fine and course refinements
Anatomical Component Material Model Material Properties Reference
Skull Rigid/Elastic E = 15GPa, v = 0.22, ρ = 2000 kg/m3 Kleiven, S. (2007) “Predictors for traumatic brain injuries evaluated through accident reconstructions,” Stapp Car Crash J, 51, pp. 81–114.
CSF Hyper-elastic NeoHookean K = 22MPa, G = 50kPa, ρ = 1040 kg/m3 Zhou, C., T. B. Khalil, and A. I. King (1995) A new model comparing impact responses of the homogeneous and inhomogeneous human brain, Tech. rep., SAE Technical Paper.
Brain Cerebral hemispheres Hyper-viscoelastic Ogden G1 = 320kPa, β1 = 106/s, G2 = 78kPa, β2 = 105/s, G3 = 6.2kPa, β3 = 104/s, G4 = 8kPa, β4 = 103/s, G5 = 0.1kPa, β5 = 102/s, G6 = 3kPa, β6 = 101/s, ν = 0.499, ρ = 1040 kg/m3 Kleiven, S. (2007) “Predictors for traumatic brain injuries evaluated through accident reconstructions,” Stapp Car Crash J, 51, pp. 81–114.
Cerebellum Hyper-viscoelastic Ogden G1 = 320kPa, β1 = 106/s, G2 = 78kPa, β2 = 105/s, G3 = 6.2kPa, β3 = 104/s, G4 = 8kPa, β4 = 103/s, G5 = 0.1kPa, β5 = 102/s, G6 = 3kPa, β6 = 101/s, ν = 0.499, ρ = 1040 kg/m3 Kleiven, S. (2007) “Predictors for traumatic brain injuries evaluated through accident reconstructions,” Stapp Car Crash J, 51, pp. 81–114.
Corpus Callosum Hyper-viscoelastic Ogden G1 = 320kPa, β1 = 106/s, G2 = 78kPa, β2 = 105/s, G3 = 6.2kPa, β3 = 104/s, G4 = 8kPa, β4 = 103/s, G5 = 0.1kPa, β5 = 102/s, G6 = 3kPa, β6 = 101/s, ν = 0.499, ρ = 1040 kg/m3 Kleiven, S. (2007) “Predictors for traumatic brain injuries evaluated through accident reconstructions,” Stapp Car Crash J, 51, pp. 81–114.
Hippocampus Hyper-viscoelastic Ogden G1 = 320kPa, β1 = 106/s, G2 = 78kPa, β2 = 105/s, G3 = 6.2kPa, β3 = 104/s, G4 = 8kPa, β4 = 103/s, G5 = 0.1kPa, β5 = 102/s, G6 = 3kPa, β6 = 101/s, ν = 0.499, ρ = 1040 kg/m3 Kleiven, S. (2007) “Predictors for traumatic brain injuries evaluated through accident reconstructions,” Stapp Car Crash J, 51, pp. 81–114.
Basal Ganglia Hyper-viscoelastic Ogden G1 = 320kPa, β1 = 106/s, G2 = 78kPa, β2 = 105/s, G3 = 6.2kPa, β3 = 104/s, G4 = 8kPa, β4 = 103/s, G5 = 0.1kPa, β5 = 102/s, G6 = 3kPa, β6 = 101/s, ν = 0.499, ρ = 1040 kg/m3 Kleiven, S. (2007) “Predictors for traumatic brain injuries evaluated through accident reconstructions,” Stapp Car Crash J, 51, pp. 81–114.
Thalamus Hyper-viscoelastic Ogden G1 = 320kPa, β1 = 106/s, G2 = 78kPa, β2 = 105/s, G3 = 6.2kPa, β3 = 104/s, G4 = 8kPa, β4 = 103/s, G5 = 0.1kPa, β5 = 102/s, G6 = 3kPa, β6 = 101/s, ν = 0.499, ρ = 1040 kg/m3 Kleiven, S. (2007) “Predictors for traumatic brain injuries evaluated through accident reconstructions,” Stapp Car Crash J, 51, pp. 81–114.
Brain Stem Hyper-viscoelastic Ogden G1 = 320kPa, β1 = 106/s, G2 = 78kPa, β2 = 105/s, G3 = 6.2kPa, β3 = 104/s, G4 = 8kPa, β4 = 103/s, G5 = 0.1kPa, β5 = 102/s, G6 = 3kPa, β6 = 101/s, ν = 0.499, ρ = 1040 kg/m3 Kleiven, S. (2007) “Predictors for traumatic brain injuries evaluated through accident reconstructions,” Stapp Car Crash J, 51, pp. 81–114.
Ventricles Hyper-viscoelastic Ogden G1 = 320kPa, β1 = 106/s, G2 = 78kPa, β2 = 105/s, G3 = 6.2kPa, β3 = 104/s, G4 = 8kPa, β4 = 103/s, G5 = 0.1kPa, β5 = 102/s, G6 = 3kPa, β6 = 101/s, ν = 0.499, ρ = 1040 kg/m3 Kleiven, S. (2007) “Predictors for traumatic brain injuries evaluated through accident reconstructions,” Stapp Car Crash J, 51, pp. 81–114.